Ethical Decision Making Ethics - 982 Words

Ethical Decision-Making Georgeanne M. Battle University of the Rockies Ethical Decision-Making By selecting an ethical dilemma case from our text Corey, Corey, Callanan, (2011), I will discuss how to apply systematic steps toward the resolution of the dilemma. While the case is under review the steps that I would take in making an ethical decision will be explained. Also, how to include the client in making the decision will be studied. I will look at what ways is accounting for the APA Ethics Code important for decision-making. In closing, the importance of each basic moral principle involved in the model of ethical decision-making will be addressed. The Case of Shirley The case I used from our text Corey, Corey, Callanan, (2011), is the case of Shirley: My client Shirley is extremely dependent on me for advice in making even minor decisions. She asks personal questions about my marriage and my family life. She has elevated me to be someone who makes wise choices, and she is trying to emulate me. She doubts herself and her decisions and although she says, she realizes I cannot give her the answers, she keeps asking me what I think about her decisions. Systematic steps towards a resolution A systemic approach towards a resolution involves understanding the problem and creating a plan. In the situation above a conversation must be had with the client to understand why she feels she cannot make a decision on her own. As the counselor some things should not beShow MoreRelatedCoaching Ethics : Making Ethical Decisions960 Words   |  4 PagesMy journal review for this week is titled, Coaching ethics: Making ethical decisions--novices and experts by Dr. Jonathan Passmore. This British study was published in The Coaching Psychologist in 2009. I choose this article to discuss based on Dr. Welfel’s discussion in Chapter 12 regarding â€Å"The Ethics of Coaching† where she asked the question â€Å"what constitutes competent and ethical coaching?† regarding coaching as a practice activity for mental health professionals that has emerged fairly recentlyRead MoreEthical Decision Making Model Of Ethics And Its Foundation s Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reviewing several ethical decision-making models, reviewing the code of ethics and its foundations, and examining personal beliefs and values surrounding ethics, I have come up with an ethical decision-making model. This model incorporates aspects of pre-existing models, including the social-constructivist model, practitioner’s guide, feminist model, and Herlihy and Corey’s (2015) â€Å"elements of ethical decision making† (p. 20). This model is broken down into seven steps, which are meant to beRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Business Ethics And Social Responsibility1295 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Decision-Making De’Ambre Zanders OMM640: Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (MOH1616A) Instructor: Dr. Maja Zelihic May 1, 2016 Abstract In any type of business, ethical decision-making is usually at the forefront of company operations. It shapes the foundation of a company and gives employees a moral compass as to what is expected of them ethically. Ethical-decision making prevents individuals from profiting from their own personal methods, while representingRead MoreCanadian Code Of Ethics For Psychologist And The Ethical Decision Making Process1406 Words   |  6 Pagesscenario provided will utilize the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologist and the Ethical Decision-making Process and APA Ethical Standards to resolve conflicts that affects the personnel selection process. The first step will be to identify the people and groups that will be affected by my decision. In this scenario, there were the potential employee and employer who is also the client for the psychologist. This is considered an ethical problem because it has to do with Standard 9.01a becauseRead MoreEssay on Chapter 6 Business Ethics and Ethical Decision Making1278 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages of each decision that Elaine has made. a. 1st decision Graphic, Inc. loan of $10 million. Graphco was a tobacco firm embroiled in litigation concerning the promotion of its products to children. Elaine based her decision by Moral Philosophies which refers to the specific principals or rules that people use to decide what is right or wrong (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, Ninth Edition Business Ethics, p 153). The advantage to this decision is she did what she felt was morallyRead MoreEthics and Profits of an Organization843 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Ethics and profits Introduction Any organization that is business oriented is in place to realize profits. Most of the corporations in the United States that are in existence were started on the basis of profit making. This means that the main reason why the corporations exist is so that the owners can get returns from their investment. Business ethics involves the application of ethics to business behavior and the decision making process in the business setting. The connection between businessRead MoreEthical Case Study Wal Mart vs Petco1238 Words   |  5 PagesHobson Professor: Grant Wylie PHI 3360, Business Ethics 12 April 2011 Ethical Case Study Wal-Mart vs. PETCO Good business ethics is just one of many ingredients necessary for a successful business. You cannot have a successful business if you take advantage of stakeholders that support and have a vested interest in your business. History has shown time and again that, when the opportunity to grab quick profits presents itself, ethics can all too readily take a back seat to the entrepreneurialRead MoreEthical Decision Making The Acme Way Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ethical Decision Making†¦ Why Do We Need It? To understand â€Å"ethical decision making† it is best to break the phrase up. What is the definition of ethics? According to the website businessdictionary.com (2011), ethics are â€Å"basic concepts and fundamental principles of right human conduct.† It stands to reason that ethical decision making is the ability to make decisions based on core or base principles of correct human conduct. We at Acme Toy Company depend on employees at all levelsRead MoreEthical Decision Making Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Decision-Making Critical Thinking: Strategies in Decision Making Ethical Decision-Making In todays business and personal world, ethical decisions are made on a daily basis. Most of these decisions are based on company ground rules. The others are based on personal ground rules. All decisions can have a number of ground rules that help us determine whether our decision is ethical or unethical. Each decision whether it is based on company or personal ground rules will have its own setRead MoreEthical Self Assessment1015 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Ethical Self-Assessment Paper Sonya Smith HCS 545 Teela Carmack 04/13/2015 Ethical Self-Assessment Paper Healthcare professionals are faced with ethical dilemmas frequently in the healthcare industry and they have the ability to influence patient care outcomes. 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The United States And Human Rights Violations Essay

argue that the United States fails to encompass moral values by supporting anti-democratic ideals, so that they can increase their militaristic presence and protect economic interests in the world. Since the last century, the U.S has used the power of evil governments to slightly expand the presence of their military and ensure the safety of commercial interests. From Cuba in the early 20th century to numerous Middle Eastern countries in the 21st century, the case has been evident that the US will overlook various human rights violations just for an additional military base or for the profits of a company. The claim is made that the United States should look out for itself and act in ways that improve the American society. The U.S. has lost its moral values by supporting these unethical values. This country is founded in democratic principles, yet they support governments and policies that are the antithesis of democracy. This country must stop allowing ideals and values that are aga inst core US values. To begin, since the dawn of this country’s history. It has appeared apparent that the US believes it has an obligation with being in foreign lands for its own interests. From Libya in the early 1800’s, Mexico in the mid 1800’s, and the rest of Latin America in the 1900’s. The greatest reasons spur from either manifest destiny, the thought that it is the country’s moral right to expand. These reasons have had a positive impact for the country’s interest, but that is notShow MoreRelatedGuantanamo Bay and Human Rights Violations by the United States1536 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is originally a naval base that was once used to house detention facilities for Haitian and Cuban refugees fleeing to the United States. It was also used as a refueling station for Navy ships. 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How can we the United States bring aboutRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights And From Where Do They Originate?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are human rights and from where do they originate? According to Campbell, MacKinnon Stevens (2010), there are two prominent schools of thought with regards to human rights, natural law and positivism. Natural law is grounded in religion and morality, based on God, and contends that individuals know the difference between what is right and what is wrong (Cummings, et al., 2010). Proponents of natural law believe that every individual is born with human rights and that states can only enactRead MoreThe Decision For El Salvador s Supreme Court860 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of human rights. My chosen article, co-written by Elisabeth Malkin and Gene Palumbo, describes the landmark decision for El Salvador’s Supreme Court to overturn an amnesty law that protected perpetrators of human rights violations. 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Legal perspective on Human Trafficking Free Essays

string(61) " likely prejudicial to public interest or national interest\." Hence, â€Å"censorship† would be referred as an act, policy, decree to censor the Eddie. Censorship has always take an important role in history that deemed to suppress freedom of expression across different era. Early signs of censoring could be traced back into ancient societies. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal perspective on Human Trafficking or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, following the well-known story of Socrates being sentenced to drink poison during Greek empire, the Romans has treated censorship as an honorable task and recognized Its importance In shaping individual characteristics. On the other hand, looking Into the current China, there Is no surprise that the 1st China censorship law can be recorded as early as DADDY. Censorship is served for different purposes across the time-line of human 1 5th century, which is in contrast towards another purpose of enhancing the influence of Soviet Socialist Republic in Russian empire during 20th century. Its reasoning could be depending on nature of authority and its relation with citizens as well as the values of society itself. Despite the past is shadowed by censorship, demagnification of societies in modern days have become the cornerstone in realizing freedom of expressions. Countries in northern Europe, such as Sweden are frontiers that has made attempt to abolish censorship through introducing a law that guarantees freedom of press in 1766, which followed by Denmark-Norway in 17708. Meanwhile, the enforcement of first Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (1787) is regarded as the root of the comprehensive protection on freedom of expressions. However, in Malaysia context, censorship has remained upon today as important tools to 1 Oxford University Press, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary (7th Eden, POP 2005) 237. 2 Oxford, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary (n 1) 3 Meet Newt, ‘The long history of censorship’ (Beacon for freedom, 2010) accessed November 2013. 4 Newt, ‘The long history of censorship’ (n 3) 5 ibid 6 Army . Taft, ‘Censorship of film, broadcast and Internet’ (Bibliophile Alexandrine, 2004) accessed 26 October 2013. Newt ‘The long history of censorship’ (n 3); Sheldon S. Woolen, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (Princeton University Press, 2004) 8 Newt ‘The long history of censorship’ (n 3) 9 ibid control and regulate various media to ensure there is no illicit materials to be spread among society. As a result, various Free Speech institutions have regarded Malaysia s a low scorer in free dom of expression. In fact, extensive censorship legislations are still enforced to regulate the As a result, various Free Speech institutions have regarded Malaysia as a low scorer in freedom of information received 1 . Due to large variety of media available, this assignment would only focus on evaluating the censorship restrictions on printing press and publication in Malaysia, particularly books, articles and printed news. Assessment will be conducted in basis of the extent of power, conflicts with freedom of expression as well as it effect on affected businesses. 0 Censorship in Malaysia Malaysia has fallen by 23 places to its historical lowest of 14th in 2013 because the access to information has becoming more and more limited. Within the Printing press and publication industry in Malaysia (Refer 3. 0), related parties would be subjected to few legislations enacted by government to administer the (PAPA) (Act 301) is a direct legal enforcement specifically implemented for printed media. Besides th at, Sedition Act 1948 are frequently applied when dealing with dispute of censorship in printed media. On the other hand, freedom of expression offered in Judicial systems is available under Article 10 in Constitution of Malaysia. 2. 1 Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 (Act 301) (PAPA) Its former self is known as Printing Ordinance 1948, which is introduced by British colonial government into Malaysia during the beginning of state of emergency to counteract the threat on the establishment arising from the Communist activities 3. Subsequently, the act becomes Printing Presses and publication act at year 1971 via amendments and incorporation of Imported Publications Act 1958 (Act 63) to prevent the provocation of racial sensitivities after the race riots 0 Freedom House, ‘Malaysia’ (Freedom House, 2012) accessed 22 October 2013 1 1 Article 19, Malaysia: Joint submission to the UN universal periodic review’ (Article 19, 11 March 2013) accessed 12 October 2013 12 Reporters without borders, ‘2013 World press freedom index: dashed hopes after spring’ (Reporters without borders, 2013) accessed 22 October 2013 13 Jimmy, ‘The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (PAPA)’ (CUE, 25 September 2010) accessed 10 October 2013 14 ibid of 196914. Further amendments are made to enhance the power of legislation and become today’s Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 (Act 301). The general purpose of the act is punitive measure to public immaturity, potential racial conflict, and national security. It has reconciled the use of printing process, the printing, production, reproduction and distribution of publications, and the importation of publication from abroad 5. Within the Act, there are few notable sections that greatly expand the power of censorship as well as the responsibility of Minister, which are shown as below: Figure 1: Assessment on specific proviso in PAPAYA Section 3 – internal security Minister (Minister of home affairs) has absolute secretion in granting or refuses; revoke or suspended a license at any time and reasons, for a limited period. The common practices under this section are to issue license annually. Along with granting a license, minister may impose additional conditions such as deposits, which may be forfeited when an offence under the Act is committed. Section AAA – Juridical parties do not have any powers in questioning the decisions made by minister. Section 7(1)- Home Affairs Minister has the qualification to ban the publication of any book. The provision does not provide a clear and objective reasons on possible bans: publication which he is satisfied contains any article, caricature, photograph, report, notes, writing, sound, music, statement or any other thing which is likely to be prejudiced to public order, morality, security, the relationship with any foreign country or government, or which is likely to alarm public opinion, or which is likely to be contrary to any law or is otherwise prejudicial or is likely prejudicial to public interest or national interest. You read "Legal perspective on Human Trafficking" in category "Papers" 5 caps, Media Freedom (CAPS, 3 June 2013) accessed 21 October 2013 16 corny, ‘The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (n 13) Article 8(1) – minister had the secretion t o define offences through classifying it as publishing malicious â€Å"false news†. Action will take on any press outlet or publication when their writings are deemed as not taking â€Å"reasonable measures† to verify the truth of the news. Article 8 has been used frequently on critics, which successfully invoked against, 1998 – Limit Guan Eng (from TAP), for his criticism of the statutory rape case involving former Malice Chief Minister, Ihram Thumb Chick. 2003 – Irene Fernando (activist), for exposing the maltreatment of illegal migrant workers in detention camps. However the conviction was overturned on technicality in 2008 2005 – Khalid’s Safari, who authored the book 50 Dali Meaning Inward Taiga Bole Jade PM 2. Malaysian Sedition Act 1948 The Sedition Act is enacted along with PAPA in 1948, serving similar purposes with PAPAYA. It is deemed to be copy of Sir James Stephens definition of what is and what is not seditious during British c ollaborations. Despite the communist insurgency has ended, but the Sedition Act continues to be used with full force today. As the 513 incident occurred in 1969, amendments were made through Emergency Ordinance 971 to criminals any doubts noon: Part Ill (on citizenship), Article 152 (on national language), Article 153 (on the special positions of the Malay and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (the Rulers’ sovereignty) of the Federal Constitution. Theoretically, sedition should be defined as the crime of revolting or inciting revolt against government or support for an enemy of a country during war time through speeches, publications or 17 curry, ‘The sedition Act 1948’ (CUE, 25 September 2010) 10 October 2013 18 Adman, ‘The Sedition Act (1948)’ Malaysia Today (Malaysia, 23 May 2013) accessed 21 October 013 19 Jellybean Anthony, ‘Seditious tendency? : political patronizing of free October 2013 20 US legal, ‘Sedition law legal definition’ (US legal, 2013) accessed 11 October 2013 organizational, but sedition does includes conspires to disrupt the legal operation of the government, protest government policy and is beyond expression of an opinion. However, the act is known to favors the prosecutor; meanwhile, many restrictions are imposed on freedom of expression, particularly regarding sensitive political issues. Notably, seditious would not Just to be deemed as a legal but also a la ttice issue. Figure 2: Proviso extracts from Sedition Act 194822 In Section 3, seditious tendency is referred as: – to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against any Ruler or government. – to seek alteration other than by lawful means of any matter by law established. – to bring hatred or contempt to the administration of Justice in the country – to raise discontent or disaffection amongst the subjects – to promote ill-will and hostility between races or classes to question the provisions of the Constitution dealing with language, citizenship, the special privileges of the Malay and of the natives of Saba and Karakas and the sovereignty of the rulers. In Section 4(1), it covers the: -preparation of an action, which would have â€Å"a seditious tendency’. Speech and the printing, publishing, selling (or offering for sale), distribution, reproduction or importation of seditious materials. 2. 3 Freedom of Expression under Article 10 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia As extracted: Figure 3: Extract of Article 1023 1 . Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4) † (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (b) all citizens eave the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to form associations. 21 Adman, ‘The sedition Act (1948)’ (n 18) 22 corny, ‘The sedition Act 1948’ (n 17) 23 Jimmy, ‘Article 10 of the Federal Constitution’ (CUE, 24 September 2013) accessed 10 October 2013 2. Parliament may by law impose † on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and extinctions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any Legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence; on the right conferred by paragraph (b) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, or public order; on the right conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order or morality. 1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labor or education. 4. In imposing restrictions in the interest of the security of the Fe deration or any part thereof or public order under Clause (2) (a), Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part Ill, Article 152, Article 153 or Article 181 otherwise than in relation to the implementation thereof as may be specified in such law. Dry. Shad Salem Affair stated that the ‘freedom’ under this article is fairly weak, armorial due to â€Å"Sensitive Matters Amendment†24 that allowed parliament to enforce restrictions on eight grounds – ‘public order, national security, incitement and offence, friendly relations with other states, contempt of court, contempt of Parliament, defamation, morality’25. From other perspective, it is perceived that ‘freedom’ has already been weakened during drafting stage, which subsequently failed to ensure any restriction imposed on fundamental liberties are ‘reasonable’ inside the final drafted. 24 ibid (n 23) 25 Shad Salem affair, ‘Much to cheer in book ban decision’ The Star (Malaysia, 10 February 2010) accessed 22 October 2013 26 Jimmy, ‘Article 10 of the Federal Constitution’ (n 23) 2. 4 Analysis: violation on freedom of expression caused by censorship The implementation of PAPA is mainly used in dealing with licensing of publications. Under this act, much discretion power has been given to the minister to administer the contents that are allowed to be published. Although implementation of licensing on print media do not breach freedom of expression under international laws, but it is subjected to criteria below: 1 . There is no discretion to refuse license, once the requisite information has been revived; 2. The system does not impose substantive conditions upon the print media; 3. The system is not excessively onerous; and 4. The system is administered by a body which is independent of government. Obviously, PAPA are not qualified to meet criteria above as referred to its section 3, 7(1), 9(1) and AAA. International law would also allow restrictions on freedom of expression, yet it only applicable under conditions that such restrictions are provided by law, whereby the law should be accessible and not excessively vague. In contrast with international laws, Centre of independence Journalism (CUE) expressed that many he international test regarding restrictions on freedom of expression. Figure 4: International test on Sedition Act 194830 Firstly, the crime of sedition in Malaysia is extremely ambiguous to meet the standard. Both â€Å"sedition† and â€Å"seditious tendency’ are loosely defined and subjective terms such as â€Å"hatred†, â€Å"contempt†, â€Å"discontent†, â€Å"feelings of ill-will† and â€Å"disaffection† are used without any precise definition. Secondly, in legitimacy test states that restrictions are only permitted on basis of fundamental right for the purpose of protecting certain aims, namely the rights or petitions of 28 Toby Mendel, Restricting Freedom of Expression: Standards and Principles (Centre for Law and Democracy, 16 September 2010) accessed 25 October 2013 29 Article 19, ‘Memorandum on the Malaysian sedition act 1948’ (Article 19, July 2003) accessed 1 November 2013 30 Jimmy, ‘The Sedition Act 1948’ (n 17); Article 19, ‘Memorandum on the Malaysian sedition act 1948’ (n 29) others, national security or public order (order public), or public health or morals. Restrictions merely based on incidentally effect one of the legitimate aims listed would be regarded as insufficient. Lastly, for the necessity test, restrictions only can be permitted on legitimate objectives, which needs to be proportionate to outweighs the harms on freedom of expression or Justified by the benefits accrued. There should be no rational relationships found between maintaining the public order and the crime of sedition. In fact, public order could suffers when governments are shielded from criticism. In short, both Sedition Act and PAPA are crowned with considerable power to administer printed media as it’s granted with excessive discretion and its border of supremacy is further expanded with the supports from ambiguous proviso. The restrictions imposed in Malaysia are mainly targeted at the freedom of expression, unlike the international practices of restricting the restrictions that restrict the freedom of expression. Unfortunately, Article 10 does not voice out the ‘true’ freedom as it is bound to restrictive measure that stipulated in so, 3 and 431. Observations show that the statements applied in these provisions share a similarity to what was written in Sedition Act. As a result, both Sedition Act and PAPA do not conflict with the constitution of Article 10, which make both legislations are legally Just in dealing tit freedom of expression. However, the legally equitable would only remain within the plain text of legislation. Proof. Dry. Andrew Aerie stated that mainstream media, such as print media have failed in their roles to inform and educate the public as well as interrogating the powered, which basically caused by the ‘equitable’ Sedition Act and PAPA. He further stated that civilized society recognize human beings as sentinels who are by authoritarian laws. Malaysia’s authoritative censorship have been infamous across internationals, treated as an infringement against the motto of United Nation (UN) charter and the f the Federal Constitution’ (n 23) 31 corny, ‘Article 10 32 Borneo post, ‘Abolish printing press and publication act’ (Borneo Post, 1 April 2011) accessed 18 October 2013 33 Borneo post, ‘Abolish printing press and publication act’ (n 2) 34 Lee shih-Ian, ‘UN tells Malaysia to abolish death penalty, respect religious practices and human rights’ The Malaysian Insider (Malaysia, 25 October 2013) accessed 1 November 2013 35 Lee shih-Ian (n 34) universal declaration of human right. Prime Minister has been urged by United States and other UN members to keep his promise in abolishing these restrictive laws. ) A political cartoonist Gullible Inward Haste, also known as Suzan is frequent target of Home Affair Ministry for his political sensitive works. Police have seized dozen s copies of his book on the accusation of â€Å"prejudicial to public order† under Sedition Catch. Several compilations of his cartoons are banned too under PAPA ruling. Suzan has attempted to counter-attack by filing a Judicial review along with Malaysian, but the High Court in Koala Lump upheld the ban in July 201137. Again, Suzan challenged the government on the Sedition Act in later years and unsurprisingly received a lost. II) Historically, the Sedition Act has been invoked on those critical of the government, including the capability to suspend members of parliament’s parliamentary immunity. As recent as year 2009, the law has been one of the main measures used to arrest those opposed to the BAN takeover of the Perk state governmental. Ill) Journalists will be sentenced for publishing â€Å"false news† under PAPA, but if both PAPA and Sedition couldn’t dampen criticism, officials can resort to curb it with very powerful Internal Security Act. Government claims it is encourage self-censorship among Journalists. V) In Memorandum by Malaysian Demanding Press Freedom 2010, 3 out of 8 major violation of Press Freedom in past 52 weeks are related to print media, which includes: 1) â€Å"Inaccurate Report† by â€Å"China Press† on ‘Gasp resignation, which is clarified that its retirement is at September. 2) A New Publication Guidelines for Newspapers are elaborated but ambiguously worded 36 Bob Dietz, ‘No Joke: Malaysian October 2013. 37 ibid (n 36) 38 Report without borders, ‘Another court sides with Malaysian government against political cartoonist’ (IBEX, 12 November 2013) accessed 16 November 2013. 9 Jimmy, The sedition Act 1948†² (n 17) 40 Bob Dietz, ‘No Joke: Malaysian cartoonist stands up to government’ (n 36) 41 Margin, ‘Stop political intervention, self-censorship in media industry’ (Lira, 10 June 2010) http://aliran. com/1226. html accessed 3 Novemb er 2013 guidelines were framed as â€Å"self-regulation†. The newspapers were reportedly instructed not to cover news related to cohabitation, adultery, homosexuality, counter-culture; and no graphics of human genitalia and G-strings. 3) Confiscation of Books l) â€Å"Malaysian Maverick: Mathis Mohammad in Turbulent Times† were confiscated and anted for short periods, contends that the fourth prime minister was responsible for losses of OROMO billion during his term in office. II) â€Å"Where Is Justice† and â€Å"1 Funny Malaysia† – published by â€Å"Malaysian† while written and drawn by Suzan. Regardless of all these issues, courts’ decisions and their interpretation on both legislations remained as the primary references in evaluating the extent of freedom of expression. Entities are often being charged under both PAPA and Sedition Act by the public prosecutor for any printed article that regarded as unacceptable. In the ease of Public Prosecutor v Pun Chin Chignon , where the supreme court held that â€Å"false news† will not be Justified under Section 8(1) if the accused are capable to prove its efforts in verifying the truth of the news. Otherwise, freedom of expression would be restricted under Article 10(2)(a) if breached against section 8(1). In a similar case of Deputy Public Prosecutor of Malaysia v. Irene Fernando, its publication of report entitled â€Å"Abuse, Torture and Diminished Conditions of Migrant Workers in Detention Centers† are charged under Section 8 (1) of PAPA as well. Mrs†¦ Urine’s civil sights are restricted as the court condemned that the reports are providing maliciously false information. It is only to be reversed by High Court Judge Mohammad Panic All after the 13 years old court battle. Both cases have illustrated that extensive proofs are needed to escape from the restrictive measures raised by the prosecutor under PAPA. Besides that, in the case Limit Guan Eng v Public Prosecutor, the appellant (Limit Guan Eng) is charged under both PAPA and Sedition Act regarding two different issues. The ‘false news’ distributed in the form of pamphlet is upheld by court as luscious information, due to the fact that 19941 MAMMAL 42 43 The public eye awards, ‘Irene Fernando’ (The public eye awards, 2009) accessed 28 October 2013 44 Fide, ‘Ms. Irene Fernando finally acquitted! ‘ (fled, 25 November 2008) http://www. fidh. org/en/asia/Malaysia/Ms-Irene-Fernandez-fInally accessed judge has chosen the dictionaries that defined the key term ‘mangos debarkation’ that in favors of Section 8(1). Besides, the court clarified that protection will not be accorded to anyone charged under the Sedition Act [Article 63(4)], which overthrown the Article 63 (1) (2). Appellant are unable to rely on reasonable efforts in verifying the truth as the Judge relied on Record of Parliamentary Debates of the House of Representatives as admissible evidence to ascertain this issue. For the charge on Sedition Act, appellant loses his ground as Judgment favors the statement of KIP Stanley Lie made, which is corroborated by two other police officer, Karri Budding and Inspector Look Yoke Choc. Appellant are not able to prove that statement as uncorroborated. It is key evidence in determining whether the appellant’s speech contained seditious words regarding the non-prosecution of an ledge rape case involving Tan Sir Ihram Thumb Chick. According to Melanin bin Abdullah Nor v Public Prosecutor, the case has illustrated a circumstances where the publisher has a clear sign of opposing both constitutions and sedition acts. Tutu’s Namely as a newspaper publisher has published a talk given by prominent Malay leader and Member of Parliament with the sub-heading of ‘Abolish Tamil or Chinese medium schools in this country’. The outrageous statements, has breached several provisions that enacted to protect public order and racial stability. Without any dissent, the court held the news as editions under Sedition Act so(1)(f) in accordance with violation of Article 152 (l)(a) (b). Besides that, Article 10 so is applicable in restricting the freedom of expression, which aligned with Article 152, Article 153 or Article 181 . 2. 5 Final Comments Although the legislations enacted does not define or express the term ‘censorship’, but the practices conducted by the authorities are indeed exhibited the nature of censorship itself. How to cite Legal perspective on Human Trafficking, Papers

Palliative and Rehabilitation Care Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Palliative and Rehabilitation Care. Answer: Introduction The World health Organization (WHO) its definition on palliative care is an active total/holistic care on those patients whose ailments/diseases are not responding to the curative treatment schedule. It involves pain control and all the other symptoms that causes distress to the patient. It is holistic as it involves the psychological, spiritual and social aspects of the patient. The number one goal of palliative care is to ensure that the patients and the patients family gets the best life quality. Palliative care is a multidisciplinary care. It would not be realistic to expect one profession to handle the patient assessments, interventions and monitoring. The persons with chronic ailments or those who are undergoing palliative care requires rehabilitation as their diseases disables them either physically or psychologically and in some cases both. Palliative care has several principle that guides on patient care (Fallon and ONeill, 2016). One of the principles is, it affirms life an d also considers death as a normal process. Second, it does not fasten death or shorten life. Third, its main goal is to improve the quality of life by pain and distress relief. Fourth, it offers a support life to both the patient and the family till death. Rehabilitation of the persons with disabilities is primarily aimed at ensuring that the patients are able to attain and maintain an optimum sensory, physical, intellectual, social and psychological functional levels. Rehabilitation ensures that the people with disabilities are provided with the necessary tools so as to be able attain self-independency and self-determination. Vaughn et al, (2016) recognizes rehabilitationnursing as a specialization that majors in taking care of the persons with disabilities and those with lifelong illnesses for as long as the live. For rehabilitation the following are the requirements. The nurse needs to led interventions, should lead in patients care and management, should promote on health and s uccessful living, and lastly they should demonstrate inter professional care (communication and reporting). Principles of palliative care For successful palliative care the following principles should be adhered to (Brunner and suddarth, 2013). There should be a caring attitude. This is whereby there is demonstration of empathy, compassion and sensitivity to the patient. All aspects of the patients are taken care of not only the medical aspect. It is non-judgmental. The patients individuals factors should not determine the quality delivery of care. The second principal is on the consideration of the individuality. Every patient is unique. There might be patients with a similar condition but their needs varies. For patient centered care to be achieved. The psychosocial needs are not met when patients in palliative care focusses to its patients in wholesome. The patients mental and physical needs at the end of life are being assessed and recognized. The care given to this patients is patient and family centered. The needs of the patients are assessed and documented regularly. The changes in their health status is monitor ed and documented regularly. The mental needs of the patient are met, this includes depression and anxiety. Thirdly, the cultural consideration. This is a factor that not only applies to palliative care but it cuts through the medical field. To achieve patient centered care, the racial, ethnic and religious factors are to be respected and put into consideration. Fourth is consent, palliative care is just like any other care. Before initiating/withdrawing any treatment consent is asked for. Many patients appreciates shared decisions although many physicians ignores this fact. Fifth, is the choice of site of care? It is recommended that patients with terminal illness should be nursed at home, although in most developed countries there are other options. For example thenursing homes where they are cared for until they die. Sixth, Communication. As mentioned above palliative care is a multidisciplinary process. For coordination there should be good communication between the different de partments so as to achieve quality patient care. This principles are put into practice by having appropriate treatment to the patient. The treatment should be appropriate to the stage the patient is in their disease and prognosis. Patient neglect is avoided. The life of the patient should not be cut short or prolonged. Its quality should be improved. There should be a comprehensive inter-professional care. The care to the patient should be excellent. There should be a consistency in the medical care. There should be a plan of care for the patients which is reviewed regularly (Smith, S., 2014). This reduces the unexpected and sudden alterations that can cause distresses to the patient and the family. It lessens the medical crises that are usually frightening to the patient and relatives. There should be coordination of care. This factor cannot be over emphasized. There should be continuity of care. This is care given to the patient from the time they are referred to an institution to the time they die. The other important component is on crisis prevention. A good palliative care includes strategies to prevent emotional and physical crises that are anticipated to occur as the disease progresses. The families and the patient should be informed of the future problems that may occur and ways to avoid them. Preparedness. There should be care giver support. As the das progresses the patient demands more attention. The success or failure of palliative care depends on the support and care provided by the caring relatives. There should be continued reassessment. Due to the increment of the clinical problems as their diseases progresses (Michel, M., 2015). Psychosocial state, pain and other physical needs should be assessed, monitored and evaluated regularly. The advanced care planning. This includes how to break the bad news to the patient and the relatives. The treatments regimes. The communication of the prognosis. Being admitted in a palliative program, having to be fed on artificial feeds and artificial hydrations. The medications such as antibiotics. The mercy killing that is the do not resuscitate order. The decisions should be individualized and should be discussed by the patient and the family. Rehabilitation concepts in New Zealand The Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (2014); the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2014). New Zealand Rehabilitation Association (2014) redefined the concepts of rehabilitation and came up with a new strategy to change the old New Zealand rehabilitation strategy. The new strategy aims at ensuring that people who get disabilities through injuries or experiences diseases gets the support they require optimally for their recovery and also should aid in decreasing the secondary complications by ensuring there are skilled personnels and the person at risk gets timely rehabilitation services. New Zealand rehabilitation systems had not been at pace with the new developments and advances in rehabilitation, the services that were being offered 40 to 50 years ago they are still the same. This was disadvantageous to the New Zealanders. With the adoption of the new rehabilitation strategies there was improvements. The New Zealand signed a United Nations Convention on the R ights of the persons with disabilities. There were standard rules for rehabilitation. The main aim of the strategy is to ensure that there is a guidance policy and practice of the professions with disability. It also aims at improving the health, functioning abilities and the well-being of the New Zealanders who get disabled due injuries or diseases. It also aims on reducing the family and the individual burden due to the impairment. It focusses on establishing an independence and a functional ability so as to reduce the support needed.it reduces the societal disability cost. It also improves on the participation outputs and abilities to be able to contribute to ones community, family and the economy at large. It does this by ensuring that life returns back to normal and one assume their roles. Its goal was to ensure there is that there is equity of the rehabilitation services. To ensure that rehabilitation services are accessible to all. The policy on rehabilitation stipulates that there should be rehabilitation services to people with disabilities so as to ensure they are able to get and maintain their optimum level of functioning and independence. James (Jimmy) McGregor. A 68 year old patient with prostate cancer. It is a terminal illness that requires palliative care so as to improve on the quality of life of Jimmy. The illness disables Jimmy, he has self-care deficiency and requires to be taken care of. The palliative care also aims at rehabilitating him making him attain independency and self-determination. Firstly, there was no continued care in the case of Jimmy. He was diagnosed and treated for cancer five years ago. There was no follow up reassessment and evaluation. The metastasis of the prostate cancer is diagnosed years later. If there was reassessment and continued care this would have been caught early enough. Secondly, Jimmys choice of care is not taken care of. His wife feels unable to take care of him. This angers Jimmy as he does not contemplate to be treated far from him. He even confesses that if he is forced to be cared outside he will end his life. This shows that he is depressed and can commit suicide. This is an indicator that h is psychosocial and mental needs have not been met. This is one of the fundamental principals in palliative care. Thirdly, the physical needs have not been met. He has an ulcer on his leg. This is a distress to his body and on top of that he gets an allergic reaction during its treatment. This shows there is poor inter professional networking. Fourthly, the advanced care plan seems to have not been done properly. The patient and the family were not informed about the reoccurrence of the ailment after its treatment five years ago. They were not informed that care of the patient is lifelong. Lack of this information is what makes the family and the patient panic (Worden, J., 2015). Lastly the drinking and smoking of Jimmy. He is a known hypertensive patient. This behavior is a challenge to the management of this condition. He needs rehabilitation so that he can stay without. He needs a well-planned care plan so as to ensure he gets quality care and his life is of quality till death. I t will also anticipate the future crises and offers solution. Conclusion Palliative and rehabilitation care are essential when dealing with patients who develops disabilities either through injuries or by having an ailment that renders them disabled. They are both multi-disciplinary. They require coordination from other firms/departments. They all aims at improving the quality of life of the patient and also helping the patient to attain their independence and self-determination as quickly as possible. This is achieved through palliative and rehabilitation services that involves; continuous care, advanced treatment plan, support. From the Jimmy case above New Zealand evidently shows that it still has a long way to go so as to achieve its goals on rehabilitation. The new Zealanders are still not getting the palliative and rehabilitation services in a timely manner. They are also lacking the skilled health care providers. Jimmy has no caregiver. The wife has given up on him despite that he requires personal assistance as he has self-care deficit. He is stil l a drunkard and a smoker despite having been treated in the health institution for years. This means that no one identified it as a problem and also tried to council him on his behavior. There is poor inter-coordination in the New Zealand health institution. The patient needs were not met holistically. New Zealand have improved although it requires a lot more. References Brunner and suddarth, (2013). Textbook of medical and surgical nursing, 13th edition Fallon, M., ONeill, B., (2016). Principles of palliative care and pain control. Thebmj. Kassa, R., Kassa, G., (2014). Nurses Attitude practice and barriers towards cancer pain, management. Journal of cancer sciences. Vol. 6, pp. 483-487 Ministry of health. (2010). Adult literacy. Mishel, M., (2015). Uncertainty in chronic illness. Annual Review of Nursing Research. Vol. 17, pp. 269-294 National Advisory Council on health and disability (2007). Meeting the needs of people with chronic conditions. New Zealand Rehabilitation Association (2014) Palliative care Australia, (2016) Principles for palliative care in the end of life care. Rehabilitation strategy working party, (2014) Shaw, S., (2015). Professional Interpersonal relationship. Vol. 2, pp. 51-53 Smith, S., (2014). Hospice concepts: A guide to palliative care in terminal illness. Champaign, IL: Research press. The Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (2014); The New Zealand Statistics, (2016) The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2014). Vaughn, S et al., (2016) the competence model for professional rehabilitation nursing. Rehabilitation nursing. Ed. 41, pp. 33-44 Voshall, B., Dunn, K., Shelestak, D., (2013). Knowledge and attitudes of pain management. Pain management nursing vol. 14, pp. 226-235 Wiener, C., Dodd, M, (2017). Coping amid uncertainty: an illness trajectory perspective. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice. Ed. 7(1), pp. 17-35 Worden, J., (2015). The grief Counselling and grief therapy. World Health Organization. Rehabilitation. Retrieved on 6th October 2017 from https://www.who.int/topics/rehabilitation